All Quiet on the Western Front – Essay 9

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Much like the present, there is a sort of intangible space between the older and younger generations. In All Quiet on the Western Front, youths like Paul Baumer must deal with the disillusion they feel towards what they were taught to believe in by those of the older generation. Once Paul and his fellow classmates are shipped off to war, he and the others learn that some of the things they were taught could not be farther from the truth. The author, Eric Remarque, depicts this notion of a lost generation. He brings this idea to attention throughout the book in conversations between soldiers and through the thoughts of the main character, Paul Baumer. Remarque emphasizes separation between the older and younger generations caused mainly by the false romanticism the older generation attributed to war. Any thoughts the younger generation might have of glory or honor in war were immediately relinquished following first-hand experience. This sort of passed down propaganda aforementioned was and is an important societal issue. As seen in AQWF, this issue can ruin and even flat-out end lives. As shown in the book the decision of many young soldiers to enlist was directly influenced by parents or teachers: â€Å"Kantorek had been our schoolmaster†¦ He gave us long lectures until the whole of our class went under his shepherding to the District Commandant and volunteered. I can see him now, as he used to glare at us through his spectacles and say in a moving voice: ‘Won't you join up, Comrades? ’. † Although Kantorec may have been speaking out of ignorance, the harm had been done nonetheless. Through his naivete he still believed his lies to be true. In the book this is shown to be true of many of the older generation. It is seen when Paul comes back to his hometown after one year of enlistment and encounters a head-master: â€Å"He dismisses the idea loftily and informs me I know nothing about it [the war]. ‘The details, yes,’ says he, ‘but this relates to the whole. And of that you are not able to judge. You see only your little sector and so cannot have any general survey†¦ ’†. As you can see here the ignorant schoolmaster tries in vain to justify logically something he has come to believe illogically. It is most likely that his beliefs were derived from his parent’s generation, and he still has had no encounter with information that would change his views. This brings me to my next point. False information like this being passed down from generation to generation is what leads to widespread ignorance in a nation. An example of this ignorance is shown in a conversation Paul has with his mother when on leave. His mom asks, â€Å"’is it very bad out there, Paul? ’ Mother, which I answer that! You would not understand, you could never realize it. And you shall never realize it. † This ignorance can, in turn, cause the election of corrupt leaders and eventually the downfall of a whole country economically and otherwise. This is shown in AQWF by a conversation the young soldiers had. Due to first-hand experience they had shaken off their previous disillusionment and began to wonder what the point of this horrible war was: â€Å"‘Then what exactly is the war for? ’ asks Tjaden. Kat shrugs his shoulders. ‘There must be some people to whom the war is useful. ’ †¦ There are other people back behind there who profit by the war, that's certain,’ growls Detering. Once the youth come to the realization that they have been misled by the older generation the relationship between the two becomes strained. Parents, teachers, and elders, from which they were supposed to learn are now neither respected nor trusted. â€Å"The idea of authority, which they represented, was associated in our minds w ith a greater insight and a more humane wisdom. But the first death we saw shattered this belief. † The younger generation refuses to listen to the older generation and they begin to act out in rebellion. Sound familiar? As you can see many of the ideas Remarque wrote about in Germany during the early 1900s, apply to modern day America. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why so many classes across the country today read AQWF. AQWF addresses an important and still relevant issue. That is there exists a wall between the older to younger generation that goes beyond just fashion or culture. How many times have you heard teachers complain of students? Or students complain of teachers? Or parents and children complain of each other? There is a reason for this. As in AQWF there are things being blindly taught by the older generation to the younger that are not entirely true. Whether it be important, like politics or religion, or just harmless wives tales, there is a feeling among the younger generation that some things that are being taught are just not true. Maybe with new technology granting access to more information will help further the search for truth and help diminish this wall between one generation and the other.

Michael Northrop

Michael Northrop is originally from Salisbury, Connecticut which is a very small town located in the Berkshire mountains. He says it was a great place to grow up to the age that he lived there. He would also part take in falling out of trees, shooting a BB gun at pop cans, and playing high school football as a kicker. After high school he left Salisbury and went to New York, New York to attend New York University (NYU). Once he finished at NYU he worked at both The World Almanac and Sports Illustrated Kids, here he was a senior editor for 8 years. The reason he may be a good writer is because from family lore, he may be related to Jonathan Swift, the man that wrote the famous book, Gulliver's Travels. Here are two more interesting facts about Michael and his life. He is surprisingly dyslexic and had to repeat the second grade. He also stepped on a yellow jacket nest and was stung by them approximately 75 times. He was also able to learn a black belt in karate.Michael, as stated earlier, was a senior editor at two news places, so he was already fond of writing so the transition was easy. He came to fame when his book TombQuest: Book of the Dead was on the New York's Times best sellers list for three weeks straight. Before this book though, he had a few other books such as Gentlemen in 2009 and Trapped in 2011. His most recent book, Polaris, got a comment from R.L. Stine, the author of the Goosebumps series. He said this, â€Å"The book is scary fun. Loved it!† This was a great honor coming from such an amazing author.All of his books are great for young adults and are very easy to get attached to. From his suspenseful books such as Surrounded by Sharks, to his thriller books, like Polaris, they all encapture you and draw you to read more and more about them. He is all around great author and will always be one of, if not, my favorite authors.

My Goals As a Professional in Both The Country I Intend To Practice and the Developing Countries

I am very passionate about medicine partly because I grew up in a similar environment for twenty one years. My mother and grandfather practice Medicine back at home. Owing   to   the   principle of   nature   that   we   are   what we repeatedly do, I   got   into   the   habit   of   always working with and helping the   sick at a tender age.But   to exalt   my   family for the passion without   acknowledging   the   experiences   that   have   shaped   me   would be like noticing the beauty of the rain   but failing to realize that it has   enriched the soil. I remember vividly some time back the friendship and laughter I shared with one Francisca-a 14 year old girl in a high school with children suffering from cerebral palsy, but today as I speak, she is no more.I   also   remember   the   good   old   days   when   my   grandfather-one   that   I   love   so   much, was   healthy, energetic, and    full   of   life, but   today   as   days   go   by, he   gradually   becomes   weak, exhausted   and   uncertain   of   what   life   has   in   store   for   him. He   suffers   from   COPD; a   disease   that   takes   your life   over time. It   weakens   the   functioning   of   your   lungs   with   years   until   one   resort s   to   using   different  Ã‚   oxygen   masks   to   breath   through.These   few   but   life   changing   experiences   fueled   my   drive   to   help   people   in   similar   or   even   worse   situations. My   purpose   of   seeking   for   this   sponsorship   therefore   is   to   enable   me   attain   the   academic requirements   and   skills   that   cut   across   the   board.It   is   also   on   the  Ã‚   basis of   the   fact   that   United   States   is   far   ahead   with   technological   advancement, a   good market   place   for   doctors   and   hospitals   which   constitute   a   good   market   base   for   enrichment   of   knowledge   and   skill.Besides   this, I intend   to   practice   in   United   States   with   the   view   of   contributing   to   the   social   and   economic   development   by   helping   the   needy   access   medical care   easily   and   disseminate   information.As   established   by   various   researches, America   is   rated   as   one   of   the   poor   providers   of   medical   care   as   compared   to   other   developed   states. This   is   because   health   care   in   the   States   is   governed   by   the   free   market   mechanism   where   the   self   interests of individuals   h ealth wise is directed   by   supply   and   demand   principle. This   in   my   view   depicts   that   the   health care   system in the United States to be more   of   a private   affair   where   the   government   plays   a   minimal   role   through   government   assistance   programs.This in  Ã‚   my view is not sufficient. As   a result, millions   of   Americans   are   missing   out   on   good   health   care   thus   lowering   their   life   expectancy, standard of living, leverage   and so on. It   is   noteworthy that   health care is   one   of   the   fundamental   rights   envisioned   in   the  Ã‚   Universal   Declaration   on   Human   Rights   and   the   American   Constitution- â€Å"every   one   is   entitled   to   equal   opportunity† (Dolores la Guardia and Guth, P. H. (2000)., thus the issue should   take    prominence   in   government's   budgetary   allocation.In   view   of   this   therefore, my   purpose and goal therefore while practicing in America   would   be   to   assist   in   bridging   the   disparity   by   offering   free   consultative   services   and   dissemination   of   information   regarding   good   health   care   practices   in   schools, hospitals   and   organizations   to   enhance   the   living   standards   as   well   as reduction   of   costs   with   regard   to   medical   expenses.I   am   certain   that   with   the   exposure   in   St   George’s medical school would   give   me   a   wide   range   of   experience   that   cuts   across   the   board   if   given   a   chance.In   agreement   with the   foregoing, I   will strive   to   work   in   close   connection   with   developing   countries   to   help   eradicate   epidemiological   diseases   through   facilitating   contacts   to   ensure   that   sharing   of   information, skills   and   experience   is   possible. While   dealing   with   the   above consideration   will   be   made   on   social ,political, economic   and   technical   situation   of   the   developing   countries.The   purpose   of   my   undertaking   would   be   with   the   aim   of   phasing   out   the   deployment   of   expatriates   and   replacing   it   with   partnership   model   so   as   reduce   medical   costs.I feel strongly that by focusing on the above issues, I will be making my contribution to humanity and giving back to the society. I therefore request that you consider my application for a sponsorship as this will go a long way in assisting me to realize my profess ional objectives of making the world a better place.References:Dolores la Guardia and Guth, P. H. (2000). American Voices, Culture and Community.Toronto. Mayfield Publishing Co.

Cultural report on workplace bullying in Israel Essay

Cultural report on workplace bullying in Israel - Essay Example The problem Ayoko et al (2003) states that lack of proper employee and multicultural management leads to workplace bullies. This is normally characterized by name-calling, taunting, teasing or even sexual harassment. The situation is much worse if the company or organization’s management is involved in the bullying of employees because the affected employees have no one to run to for help. It also reduces the chances of such a vice fading away. Such a case of management involvement in bullying employee has been reported in this textile company. Employees especially those of Australian origin have reported that they are being bullied by the company management. Some of the employees have reported that they have been called names while some of them have reported constant taunting and teasing. According to Brodsky (1976), bullying makes the workplace unbearable for bullied workers. It also impacts negatively on their productivity. This is to say that bullying kills their morale an d motivation. Bullying of employees by company management makes workers to develop a negative attitude towards the company and hence they put little or no efforts to see to it that its production levels increase. Wiedmer (2011) explains that when bullied, workers who are innovative in nature and those who are good at identifying new markets go mute. This means the company is directly loosing a lot as a result of its discriminative management. Apart from affecting employees, the negative culture has also impacts negatively on the management practice. For example, it makes the management to loose the respect of employees. This means that the rate of taking instructions reduces because the employees are no longer willing to co-operate with the management. Some could also be on a revenge mission to see to it that the company records poor performance so as to taint the image of the oppressive management. Bullying taints the credibility of the management. Crawford (1997) explains that emp loyees loose usually confidence in a management that participates in jokes that are racially and even sexually offensive. According to De Dreu (2007), bullying of employees by management can divide the management along racial lines. For example though this textile company is Australian based, not all its management is of Australian or Israeli origin. Some of its members therefore feel bad to see their fellow citizens being bullied or discriminated by a section of the management. Alternative Solutions Alternative solutions to bullying as an evil culture of bullying touch on the management as well as the employees. Such measures will ensure that the culture does not simply shift from the management to the employees or become a collaboration between sections of the two. First, the company should create a company culture that not only accepts but also appreciates the variations that every employee brings to the workplace. Ashforth (1994) states that the new culture should enable the man agement as well as the employees to recognize, appreciate and most importantly, to respect variations between cultures. The company should also develop an amalgamated culture from all the cultures represented in the company. Saam (2010) explains that such a unifying culture will form a common basis of conduct for all the employees irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. The company also should develop employment policies then

People of Hindu the Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People of Hindu the Culture - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the Hindu culture is unique and nurses need to recognize that Indians have different perceptions towards health and wellbeing. Therefore, nurses need to understand the critical aspects that define the Hindu culture. For example, the Hindu culture exhibits stringent practices of nutrition that healthcare providers should take note of, as this paper will highlight. Food is a critical part of life in Hinduism. The people associate food with their God. They recognize that food is responsible for nurturing the different aspects of the human being. Hindus do not take food for granted, but rather recognize it as a gift from their God Brahman. For this reason, the people respect food and say a number of prayers before partaking food. There are strict rules governing the preparation of food as well as the ingredients of the Hindu food. The Hindu culture prohibits beef and pork. Notably, the bee is from the cows, which have a representative symbol of a mother. On th e other hand, the Hindu view pigs as unclean, and hence pork should not be an ingredient in their food. Many people of the Hindu culture believe that it is wrong to slaughter animals a factor that causes them pain. For this reason, many of the Hindu people avoid animal products and adopt a stringent vegetarian diet. Women who are responsible for preparing food take a birth before any of the ingredients. In addition, there are specific prayers said before cooking the food. When these conditions are met, a woman can then begin food preparation. Hindus observe high levels of cleanliness before partaking food. The male members of the family lead prayers said before undertaking the food. The Hindu people offer thanksgiving through a different set of prayers after eating. The Hindu culture places emphasis on the ritual and mystical significance of food. Since the food is a representation of Brahman, the people usually consider food as God. There are certain mental attitudes associated wit h the person cooking food. In addition, people hold different beliefs towards different types of food. The Hindu culture prohibits the consumption of impure food because it affects the person eating.

The Dreams by Naguib Mahfouz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Dreams by Naguib Mahfouz - Essay Example â€Å"The Dreams† is an example of a collection of short stories that professionally depict the social, economic, and political lives of Egypt through a list of short dreams, designed and narrated by Naguib Mahfouz. First published in 2000, the collection of 104 dreams reflects many of Mahfouz’s hopes and expectations for the kind of life that is better to prevail in Egypt in the new millennium. After a deep and long experience in writing, Mahfouz wanted to end his writing career by publishing his views, ideas, and thoughts in a form of dreams that reflect his vision for the future of Egypt. These dreams are rich and varied, containing Mahfouz’s night-thoughts and elaborate scenes. In most of these dreams, Mahfouz recalls people, scenes and situations from his earlier life, making nice connections to the present and the future, which Mahfouz looks for. â€Å"The Dreams† makes it clear that Mahfouz is a prolific writer as he produced a great number of novel s and short stories that discuss a variety of issues related to his society and environment. The greatness of Mahfouz as a novelist and story teller does not only lie in his professionalism in writing, but also in his success in giving clear pictures of the social, economic, and political lives in the Arab world. And Middle East. This success stems from his closeness to all the social classes and understanding of their problems and sufferings. For example, in many of the novels that are written by Naguib Mahfouz, he depicts the Egyptian streets and allies in a way that is very close to reality. Even in â€Å"the Dreams,† Mahfouz’s closeness to his social surroundings is recurrently reflected in the various details of the scenes he depicts and the characters he portrays. In the collection of the dreams that are professionally drawn by Mahfouz, the author’s sense of self is uniquely interwoven with his views about the surrounding social circumstances that dominate d Egypt during the time of publishing the collection. This evolving sense of self for Mahfouz is clearly revealed by the changes to the houses that fill his dreams. For example, the recurrent appearance of a certain woman in his dreams may represent his old soul mate or lover, from a psychological perspective. Taking dream number 29, for instance, we view Mahfouz in a conversation with his literary cohorts, when he mentions a female writer he esteems. In this dream, the reader can easily feel Mahfouz’s annoyance when he listens to his companions, criticizing the woman’s social pretensions and depravity. This annoyance of Mahfouz is clearly reflected in his quick exit from the scene, and then he meets another woman in the elevator after he leaves. While talking with him about false friendship, this woman suddenly robs Mahfouz at gunpoint. These beautifully-designed scenes in one dream reflect Mahfouz’s talent in sending numerous positive messages via eloquently-b uilt small paragraphs. In this context, the reader of Mahfouz’s dreams may find them luminous and optimistic, in addition to their being shimmering with vitality. Hence, the reader of Mahfouz’s dreams should be aware that those dreams, for the author, are not mere psychological reflections on events and people from the past; rather, these dreams are masterfully used as a fertile ground for a literary

Character Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Character Analysis - Assignment Example The first words spoken by the girl of his dream was also about ‘Araby’, giving the reader the assumption that it will be a mythological place that he can escape from reality and his harsh environment. The story of ‘Araby’ highlights the contradiction between reality and illusion through illustration of the transformation of innocence to the path of realization and disillusionment as a phenomenon that occurs in a child’s boyhood. The protagonist of the story is the matured boy who had once been the innocent boy depicted in the story. The story opens with the lines â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free†. Paradoxically, even though they were free from school, even their play did not give them the desired pleasure, for it was an equally dull world, where not even play brought any stimulant for the children. All these descriptions of dullness actually cre ate the backdrop against which the boy takes resort to an imagination larger than life and hence encounters a surprising disillusionment. In â€Å"Araby†, the author focuses on character rather than on plot to expose the ironical evidences present in self-deception. On one hand, "Araby" is a story of a boy’s search for excellence or his dream. The search is in vain but gives way to an inner self-realization and an initial step into manhood. From another facet, the story encompasses a grown up man's experience. While the boy's first hand experience relates to his meet with the first love it is also a portrayal of an unrelenting problem of human life – the incongruity between what one wishes to be or have and what destiny actually has in store for us. This opposition experienced by the boy sets up the theatrical background of a story of first love as narrated by the author who has used some consequential symbolic metaphors and irony to reveal the meaning of the st ory. Symbolic images portray the boy as a lonely individual who is aware of the bleakness of the surroundings – the dullness that he rejects silently to find solace in his world of fantasy. During the first reading, the story might seem to be about the love story or first crush of a young boy who craves to gain the attention of the girl, ‘Mangan’s sister’ whom he adores in his mind - â€Å"Her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side† (Joyce, 539). The boy simply cannot get her out of her mind – â€Å"At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read.† After the time when the girl speaks to him asking him to visit ‘Araby’, it is as if â€Å"The syllables of the word ‘Araby’ were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me† (Joyce, 540). The bo y has now grown up into a man who is already aware of the reality and talks about his childhood innocence that led him to find a strange solace in fantasizing to describe which he says, â€Å"soul luxuriated†. The idea of casting an enchantment somewhat prepares the contrast image that is eventually revealed in the end to make the boy realize the truth about the world where he lived. The presence of the girl’

Hourly Rounding in the ED by Staff Research Paper

Hourly Rounding in the ED by Staff - Research Paper Example One answer to this conundrum is hourly patient rounding, which shows promise in the achievement of both nurses and patient satisfaction. Positive outcomes of this system depend on the level of satisfaction felt by both the patient and his parents, as well as by the nurses. The earlier proposal dealt with the improvement of client satisfaction in the paediatric hospital’s emergency department. The study aimed at researching ways in which client satisfaction could be improved. It showed that in order for paediatric hospitals to offer optimal ED services, and also gain the guardians and children’s satisfaction, they needed to tie the rounds with clinical care, treatment procedures, nursing services, and waiting time. However, the proposal did not research on the satisfaction of Registered Nurses. This paper seeks to study satisfaction in the system from a nurse’s point of view and the effect on the patients. A previous study was conducted on the assessment and compa rison of a paediatric hospital ED’s overall department for both patients and their guardians (Nathan, 2002). It aimed at identifying healthcare aspects that influenced this group’s satisfaction. At the end of their ED care, questionnaires were administered, with survey instruments using a pain rating scale and an interval scale of six points. The questions involved their perception of interactive quality wit the attending doctors, adequacy of availed information, the child’s pain resolution, correlation between actual and estimated waiting times, as well as a comparison between fear, satisfaction and pain. The study validated earlier studies that had found a correlation between satisfaction of patients and interactive quality with ED personnel, adequacy of availed information, and, for the guardians, the time spent waiting for room placement, as well as that spent waiting to be attended by a physician. The study did not find a correlation to the total time sent in the ED (Nathan, 2002). The study found that pain resolution was associated significantly with patient satisfaction in the ED, which could be addressed via hourly rounding. However, this study did not deal with the satisfaction of the nurses, who are just as important in pain resolution through hourly rounding. The study discussed below used patients and nurses as the study group at the Hillcrest Medical Centre. An hourly patient rounding system was initiated at the Hillcrest Medical Centre in Tulsa (Melnyk & Fineout, 2010). Before the system was implemented, the Nursing Manager pondered the facilitators, barriers, and implications of the system that he needed to consider in order making it a success. After holding several strategy planning meetings with his nursing staff, the unit was able to pilot hourly rounding, scripting, outcomes, facilitators, barriers and procedures. The piloting procedure consisted of several sections (Frampton & Charmell, 2009). The unit was split into t wo, where one side consisted of techs and nurses who were to perform q1 hour rounding, while on the other side were nurses who gave nursing care in their usual manner. They also mounted a miniature small white board for every room so that the nurse attending the patient could write their name on it. Afterwards, the desk secretaries could tally the number of patients that made distress calls from both sides. In addition, the techs and nurses were in possession of a clipboard in every time which consisted of a time chart on which they registered each hourly round made. The techs were

Middle eastern cultures 201 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Middle eastern cultures 201 - Essay Example s share many an orthodox with rigid rules in nations like Saudi Arabia, where ‘Burqa’ clad women are respected and western influences are not so welcome. In the first paragraph of the essay I have attempted to discuss on now westerners are in UAE and the second paragraph I have detailed how their lives have changed. I have supported the essay with real life narrations and information from the web. The role of westerners in building the UAE is undisputed as technology is mainly imported from western nations. The technical expertise to build marvels and oil extractions from the oil rich Middle East is made possible with western leadership in companies that provide services and infrastructure in UAE. I Sample this mention from the web: Dubai and the United Arab Emirates are growing in popularity as potential destinations for a fresh start. With Dubai offering a wealth of opportunities, as well as financial bonuses such as tax free income and a rapidly booming economy, growing number of westerners (in particular) are heading for the sun drenched shores.(globalvisas.com) Recalling a westerner’s writing in the web, â€Å"If I can count myself as evidence, people in the UAE like and respect Americans . . . Living here is easy as because the UAE is one of the most tolerant countries in the Muslim world . . . But non-Muslims can get a license to purchase alcohol†. (escapeartist.com).This indicates the freedom of a westerner in UAE. However, it appears that the sunny side isn’t enough. Westerners have become a sort of bà ªte noire post gulf invasion and there has always been a simmering anger against westerners particularly amongst the extremist groups. This has given rise to a constant consternation in the western fraternity. Consider the statement â€Å"There are however recently been threats against westerners in the UAE, as in the UK, Europe and the USA† (paradise.com). This explains that among the rosy fragrance of an UAE living, the thorns also need to be

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience Essay

David Thoreau and the Doctrine of Disobedience - Essay Example The paper tells that the questions that emerged from Thoreau’s famous night in jail resulted in an essay originally entitled â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government,† which probably more accurately describes his position and the course of action he adopted in response to what he considered the depredations of the U.S. government. Thoreau expressly refused to pay taxes to the state of Massachusetts as a form of resistance to the federal government’s tacit support of slavery and its expansionist war against Mexico. However, it is generally forgotten that Thoreau specifically consented to the right of Massachusetts to assess and collect taxes, provided that those monies were to be used for just and moral ends. In his article â€Å"Thoreau: A Civil Disobedient?,† W.A. Herr contends that the term â€Å"civil disobedience† has been used to describe a broad range of socio-political activities, ranging from revolutions to hunger strikes, an expansive perspecti ve on what was for Thoreau a simple matter of refusing to comply with immoral government policies. As the concept exists today, civil disobedience evokes images of widespread, organized initiatives aimed at forcing profound political change. Herr notes that there is no available evidence that Thoreau ever actually used the term â€Å"civil disobedience†, at least not in his writings. In his famous essay, Thoreau ponders a matter of individual conscience; he is not a â€Å"call to arms,† nor is it a manifesto, as some have claimed. ... Published in 1849, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is Thoreau’s reaction to an America that he believed had failed to live up to the constitutional promise of equality and justice. The burden of labor in the South was shouldered by enslaved human beings; in the North, wealthy industrialists and factory owners held exploited workers in a state of thralldom that approximated slavery. America was brutally enforcing the doctrine of ma nifest destiny in the West while using its military power to wrest vast territories from Mexico. Thoreau wrote that this ran counter to the true business of government, which is to uphold civil rights, to protect the populace and provide opportunities for people to live the good life. Citizens of conscience should counter the policies of governments, which do more harm than good. His key point is that the individual is every bit as justified to act as a government, that the only true obligation of the citizen is to follow the dictates of his conscience. Thoreau could not countenance obeying a government that supported the institution of slavery. As such, the government could have â€Å"no pure right over my person and property but what I concede to it†. The evolution of government to a more enlightened version, such as democracy, is profoundly a matter of preserving individual rights, he argues. As such, the citizen is compelled to exercise one’s rights by refusing to support the betrayal of the natural contract between the individual and government. Much of what one reads in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† sounds quite familiar, particularly to a native American.

Metabical case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Metabical - Case Study Example Pricing decisions on Metabical has an impact on the profitability of the drug as well as on the entire company. Depending on the type of the target customers and the geographical location, setting prices for the drug will impact its profitability. As far as pricing is concerned, people are not worried about the price and prefer to take prescribed drugs rather then non-prescribed drugs irrespective of the price of the drug. Thus to set up a higher price for Metabical would not be a problem, instead it will increase on profitability since customer numbers will not be affected (Quelch & Beckham, 2010).The Estimated Retail price will be $3 to $5 per pill, dosage is 1 pill per day, and treatment will be 12 weeks. The Return on investment (ROI) for the first five years for the pricing decisions is as follows:Â   or year 1, the sales turnover is 347.4 giving a ROI of (19%), year 2, sales turnover is 383.88 giving a ROI of 77%, year 3, sales turnover is, 424.18, ROI is 183%, year 4, sales t urnover is 468.72, ROI is 300% while year 5, sales turnover is 517.94, giving a ROI of 429 percent. From the figure, the ROI has been increasing year by year meaning the price strategies is one of the best (Quelch & Beckham, 2010). Question 3The positioning strategy chosen mean that Metabical has already a good image thanks to the communication and marketing strategy applied and the fact that Metabical is a prescribed drug. The existing marketing communications strategy will continually create a strong demand for Metabical.

Battle of Trafalgar Essay Example for Free

Battle of Trafalgar Essay The Battle of Trafalgar was the most significant battle won by the British against the combined forces of the French and Spanish fleets during the Napoleonic Wars. This battle also had significant impact on the concept of navigation when it comes to the Naval Doctrine of War. This battle proved that tactical unorthodoxy could win battles; even though you might be outmanned and outgunned by your opponent you can still win battles by deviating from the old Naval Doctrine. This battle was part of a much larger campaign called the Trafalgar campaign which included several different battles that led up to the final battle at Trafalgar. This campaign was a long and complicated series of fleet maneuvers carried out by the combined French and Spanish fleets and the opposing moves of the British Royal Navy during much of 1805. These were the culmination of French plans to force a passage through the English Channel, and so achieve a successful invasion of the United Kingdom. The plans were extremely complicated and proved to be impractical. Much of the detail was due to the personal intervention of Napoleon, who was a soldier rather than a sailor. This was largely because Napoleon failed to consider the effects of weather, difficulties in communication, and the intervention of the Royal Navy. Despite limited successes in achieving some elements of the plan the French commanders were unable to follow the main objective through to execution. The campaign, which took place over thousands of miles of ocean, was marked by several naval engagements, most significantly at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. The naval doctrine at the time dictated that both sides should line up parallel to eachother in a straight line so that they could engage in battle and bring all their guns to bear against the enemy. One of the reasons for the development of the line of battle was to help the admiral control the fleet. If all the ships were in line, signaling in battle became possible. The line also had defensive properties, allowing either side to disengage by breaking away in formation. If the attacker chose to continue combat their line would be broken as well. This type of warfare allowed each side to fight a battle and then to disengage at any time to minimize the losses to their fleet. However with England under threat of invasion by Napoleon and his grand army, British Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson needed to ensure that the British were in control of the seas. In order to do this Nelson needed to fight and win a decisive battle that would clearly establish Britain’s naval supremacy. However in order to do this he would have to make sure that the combined French and Spanish fleets actually remained in the battle long enough to win a decisive victory. What Nelson planned on doing was instead of lining up parallel to the opposing fleet, Nelson would take his navy and charge at the enemy and deliberately cut the their battle line in two. This type of deviation from normal naval warfare in terms of navigation was unheard of at the time. Despite the risk to the British fleet, Nelson believed that this was the best way to engage the enemy fleet in the upcoming battle because it had numerous advantages. The primary advantage was that this would allow the British to cut half of the enemy fleet off, surround it, and force a fight to the end. This is unlike normal engagements where the battle was often inconclusive due to the fact that both fleets would withdraw before a clear winner could be seen. The plan had three principal advantages. First, it would allow the British fleet to close with the Franco-Spanish fleet as quickly as possible, reducing the chance that it would be able to escape without fighting. Second, it would quickly bring on close quarters battle by breaking the Franco-Spanish line and inducing a series of individual ship-to-ship fights, in which the British were likely to prevail. Nelson knew that the better seamanship, faster gunnery, and higher morale of his crews were great advantages. Third, it would bring a decisive concentration on the rear of the Franco-Spanish fleet. The ships in the front of the enemy fleet would have to turn back to support the rear, and this would take a long time. Additionally, once the Franco-Spanish line had been broken, their ships would be relatively defenseless to powerful broadsides from the British fleet and would take a long time to reposition and return fire. The main drawback of this strategy was that sailing the British fleet into the combined French and Spanish battle line, the British ships would be fully exposed to the enemy broadsides without the ability to return fire. In order to lessen the time the fleet was exposed to this danger Nelson would have to drive the fleet straight into the enemy battle line as fast as he could. This was yet another departure from navigation rules of naval warfare. Nelson was also well aware that French and Spanish gunners were ill-trained, nd would probably be supplemented with soldiers. These untrained men and would have difficulty firing accurately from a moving gun platform. This was in stark comparison to British gunners who were well drilled, and the Royal Marines who were expert marksmen. Another advantage that the British fleet had was that the enemy was sailing across a heavy swell, causing the ships to roll heavily and exacerbating these problems. Nelsons plan was indeed a gamble, but a carefully calculated one. The battle itself started exactly as Nelson wanted it to. The British fleet was able to successfully cut the French and Spanish battle line in half thus forcing a close quarter’s battle. Despite the huge risk that Nelson was taking his plan ended up working. Nelson scored a huge victory against the combined French and Spanish fleet. He managed to capture over twenty of the enemy ships and inflicted heavy casualties against while suffering few casualties himself. Unfortunately during the battle Nelson was pierced by a musket ball and died from his wounds before he could see the outcome of the victory. Some argue that his loss outweighed any gains made by the British Navy. Following the battle, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by the French fleet in a large-scale engagement. Napoleon had already abandoned his plans of invasion before the battle and they were never revived. This battle firmly established Britain’s naval supremacy over France. In terms of navigation, this battle was very significant. The most important thing is that it proved that following standard navigational techniques during an engagement won’t always win a battle. The best tactic is to be unpredictable so that the enemy has to adapt to what you are doing thus giving you the tactical advantage. This is exactly what Nelson did in the Battle of Trafalgar and it paid off. He proved that sometimes in battle deviating from the norm of battle navigation is the best thing to do, and ever since navies around the world have looked to the strategies employed by Nelson. What is being done today is that naval commanders are being educated about naval history so that they can learn and even employ these types of strategies if they need to in battle. In conclusion, the Battle of Trafalgar was a turning point in which ships would fight naval battles in terms of navigation due to the tactical unorthodoxy employed by Nelson. This battle has had long term effects and even today commanders look back and employ some of the same strategies used. The importance of this battle cannot be underestimated because not only was it the turning point in the Napoleonic Wars for the British in terms of establishing naval supremacy at the time, it was a turning point in naval warfare. Navigation would never be the same thanks to one man and one decisive battle.

Biological Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC

Biological Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC Overexpression of BST2 is associated with nodal metastasis and poorer prognosis in oral cavity cancer ABSTRACT Objective: Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was one of the proteins which were found related to tumor metastasis in our previous proteomic study. Now we want to examine its clinical role on the oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Study Design: Individual retrospective cohort study and basic research. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to demonstrate the expression levels of BST2 on 159 OSCC tumors. RNA interference was utilized for cell migration and proliferation study in vitro. Results: BST2 expression was significantly higher in OSCC cells of metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumor cells, compared to adjacent normal epithelia. Higher BST2 expression was associated with positive N stage, advanced overall stage, perineural invasion, and tumor depth (P = 0.049, 0.015, 0.021, and 0.010, respectively). OSCC patients with higher BST2 expression had poorer prognosis for disease-specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that higher BST2 expression is an independent prognostic factor of disease-specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.047 and 0.013, respectively). In-vitro suppression of BST2 expression in OEC-M1 cells showed that BST2 contributes to tumor migration of OSCC cells. Conclusions: The findings in this study indicate that BST2 expression in OSCC tumors is an independent prognostic factor of patient survival and associated with tumor metastasis. Keywords: oral cancer; head and neck; BST2; metastasis; OSCC; tumor marker; squamous cell carcinoma. Level of evidence: NA Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head-and-neck cancer worldwide and remains a difficult malignancy to treat because of approximate 50% mortality rates in spite of recent advances in the contemporary management over the past three decades.1-4 Cervical lymph node dissemination has been long regarded as one of the major poor prognosticators in patient with OSCC and is a major obstacle to OSCC management. 5-8 Previously, some transcriptomic studies analyzing OSCC tumors have established the expression signatures of OSCC metastasis.9-13 On the other hand, our group also used a proteomic approach by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to identify proteins that are differentially expressed between laser capture microdissected primary and metastatic OSCC tumors and some potential markers of OSCC metastasis were therefore discovered.14 From the candidate proteins derived from by this approach, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was identifi ed as one of the potential molecules associated with OSCC metastasis and need further validation in the clinical scenario.14 The BST2 gene is located on chromosome 19p13.2 and codes for a 35kDa transmembrane glycoprotein consisting 180 amino acids. It is also known as the HM1.24 antigen, CD317, and tetherin.15,16 BST2 has been found to be expressed on mature B cells but not on other normal tissues of health individuals.15 The BST2 overexpression has been identified in several cancer types such as multiple myeloma, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, and glioblastoma multiforme.17-23 Moreover, BST2 was discovered associated with the tumor progression and metastasis by previous findings from the pancreatic endocrine tumors with liver metastases and the breast cancers with bone metastasis.24,25 In vitro, overexpression of BST2 increased invasion, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion in breast cancer cells.26,27 Thus, based on the findings of these previous studies and our proteomic discovery, we also hypothesized that BST2 is overexpressed in OSCC and plays a specific role in tumor cell modulat ion. Accordingly, our study is designed to investigate the expression and the role of BST2 in the OSCC tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were used to demonstrate the expression levels of BST2 on OSCC tumors. We also employed RNAi techniques to suppress the BST2 expression to investigate the effects of BST2 modulation on the OSCC cell line in vitro. Materials and Methods Patient Characteristics and Clinical Specimens One houndred and thirty-eight male and 21 female were diagnosed as OSCC patients at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Tao-Yuan, Taiwan) between 2002 and 2007 and enrolled in this study. Patient age at diagnosis ranged from 22.0 to 84.0 years (mean, 51.9 ±12.3). The associated subsites of the oral cavity were buccal mucosa (62 patients), gum (21), hard palate (5), lip (5), floor of the mouth (5), and tongue (61). Patients with at least one of the following conditions were considered ineligible: unresectable or inoperable cancer, other primary cancer (synchronous or metachronous), recurrent cancer, distant metastasis, prior history of malignancy, treatment with neoadjuvant therapy, medical contraindication for surgery, or individuals lost to follow-up. Lesions diagnosed as carcinoma in situ, verrucous carcinoma or a histologically basaloid subtype were also not included in the study. All patients provided informed consent prior to study participation, and the study was approved by th e Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Patients underwent standard preoperative work-ups according to institutional guidelines, including detailed medical history, complete physical examination, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans of the head and neck, chest radiographs, bone scan, and abdominal ultrasound. Primary tumors were excised with adequate margins under intraoperative frozen section control. Surgical defects were immediately reconstructed via free flap or local flap by plastic surgeons, if necessary. Following surgical treatment, pathological TNM classification of all tumors was established according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual (2007). After discharge, all patients had regular follow-up visits every 2 months for the first year, every 3 months for the second year, and every 6 months thereafter.28-30 RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Detection of BST2 According to the manufacturer’s protocol, total RNA of sixty paired OSCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues was extracted and purification by using RNAzol B reagent (Tel-Test, Friendwood, TX) and an RNeasy cleanup kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). 5ug of total RNA was used for first-strand cDNA synthesis and then adding to a reaction mixture comprising of commercially purchasable primers (BST2 Hs00171632_m1 and normalization control B2M, Hs00984230_m1 and ACTB, Hs99999903_m1 ; Assay-on-Demand, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, and RNase-free water. 7900 HT Sequence Detection System was used for performing quantitative real-time RT-PCR and the result was analyzed with SDS version 2 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All experiments were repeated in duplicate, and the mean fold-change of each sample was calculated. Western blot analysis Proteins were extracted from culture cells with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8, 0.0150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 0.2 % Na-deoxylate, 1x protease cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and the concentrations determined using the BCA protein assay kit (Perice Biotechnology) Samples were separated on 12% SDS gels, transferred to PVDF membranes (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK), and probed using rabbit monoclonal anti-BST2 antibody (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA), mouse monoclonal beta-actin antibody (MAB1501, Chemicon, Billerica, MA), and mouse monoclonal GAPDH antibody (Novus, Littleton, CO). The beta-actin and GAPDH signals were used as the loading controls. Densitometer quantitation was also measured to demonstrate the relative fold differences of prtein levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurement ELISA kit for human BST2 (CUSABIO, Hubei, China) was used for determining the BST2 levels in the tested samples. Human recombinant BST2 was used as the standard. Briefly, 100 ÃŽ ¼l of samples or standard were added to a murine monoclonal antibody against BST2 coated microtiter plates and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. After the plates were washing with wash butter for three times, a biotin-conjugated polyclonal antibody was added and further incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed three times again and 100 ÃŽ ¼l of horseradish peroxidase-avidin was added at room temperature for 1 h. After the plates were washed five times and 90 ÃŽ ¼l of tetramethylbenzidine was added to each well. The reaction was terminated by adding of 2 N sulfuric acid, and the optical density of each well was measured by a microplate reader set to 450 nm. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Immunohistochemical Staining For immunohistochemistry, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were cut into 4 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m sections, deparaffinized, rehydrated, and prepared for antigen retrieval. Slides of consecutive sections were incubated with the appropriate antibodies: rabbit monoclonal anti-BST2 antibody (diluted 1:30, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA) at room temperature for 1 hour. After incubation, slides were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline, incubated with horseradish peroxidase polymer antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) at room temperature for 10 min, and developed by the addition of 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) reagent (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) as the chromogen and hematoxylin as the counterstain. A ScanScope CT automated slide-scanning system (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA) was used for obtaining images of stained slides. Expression of BST2 was scored using a combined scoring method accounting for both percentage of stained cell s and staining intensity and.31-33 Strong to negative staining intensities were scored from 3 to 0. For each intensity score, cells staining at that specific level were visually estimated and calculated as a percentage. The resultant combined score was calculated as the sum of the intensity scores multiplied by the percentage of stained cells. All specimens were evaluated independently by our pathologists (Liang Y and Hseuh C) who had blinded to clinical origin of the specimen. Knockdown of BST2 Using RNA Interference (RNAi) SMARTpool small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO) .RNAi specifically targeting human BST2 (No. L-011817-00-0005, Dharmacon) and a scrambled control RNAi (No. D-001810-10-05, Dharmacon) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL). RNAi (at a final concentration 400 nM) was mixed with Lipofectamine RNAiMAXTM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and Opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) without serum, incubated for 20 min at room temperature, and then added to OEC-M1 cells that were seeded at a density of 1 Ãâ€" 105 cells per well in six-well plates. After incubation for 6 h at 37 °C, transfer fresh culture medium (RPMI medium containing 10% FBS) was added to each well. After transfection for 48 h, cells were harvested for analysis of cell migration, and invasive capacity. Cell Proliferation Assay Cell proliferation ability was determined using the methylthiazoltetrazolium (MTT) assay (Bionovas Biotechnology, Toronto, Canada). After transfection for 24 h, cells were seeded at a density of 5 x103cells/well in RPMI medium containing 10% FBS. At the end of another 48-hour incubation period, the medium was exchanged with MTT solution at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL, and cells placed in a culture incubator at 37oC for 1 h. After washing twice with PBS, cells were solubilized with 0.1 ml of DMSO at 37oC for 1 h. The converted dye was measured at 540 nm. Three independent experiments were performed in quadruplicate. The average value of the control experiment was taken as 100% proliferation, and used to calculate the percentage of cell proliferation for each treatment. Cell Migration Assay Cell migration was evaluated using a chemotaxis chamber (Corning, Lowell, MA) with a polycarbonate membrane (8-ÃŽ ¼m pore size) placed between the two chambers. Transfected OEC-M1 cells (1 Ãâ€" 105) in 200 ÃŽ ¼l of serum free culture medium were applied to the upper chamber and 600 ÃŽ ¼l of RPMI medium containing 10% FBS medium was added to the lower chamber. Chambers were incubated at 37 °C for 16 h, and then the membrane was fixed with methanol for 10 min and then stained with GIEMSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Cotton swab was used for removing the cells on the upper surface of the filter, and the cells which migrated through the membrane were counted in eight different visual fields under a light microscope (magnification: 200x). Each migration assay was performed in triplicate during three independent experiments. Statistical Analysis All statistical data display as means  ± SD. The significance was examined by Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was employed for comparison of the relative signal intensity of quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining scores between paired tumor and pericancerous normal mucosa samples. All patients had regular follow-up evaluations at our department until Apr 2012 or death. Survival analysis was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences evaluated using the log-rank test. The specific risk factors for disease-specific survival were analyzed with multivariate regression. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9.1; SAS institute, Cary, NC). All P values were two-sided, and statistical significance accepted at P Results Overexpression of BST2 in tumor cells of OSCC tissues. Expression of BST2 was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in 60 paired OSCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Transcripts for BST2 were significantly elevated in OSCC tumor specimens as compared with adjacent normal tissue (155  ± 205 vs. 38  ± 53, P PP= 0.533; Fig. 1B), indicating that BST2 is more highly expressed in tumor cells of metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumor cells and almost absent in normal oral epithelia. Association of BST2 expression with various clinicopathological manifestations Next, we evaluated the relationships between increased BST2 expression and various clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients (Table 1). Higher BST2 expression was significantly associated with higher pN status, advanced overall stage, positive perineural invasion, and greater tumor depth (P=0.049, 0.015, 0.021, and 0.010, respectively; Table 1). However, we observed no association between BST2 overexpression in OSCC tumors and patient age, sex, T stage, differentiation or bone invasion. Consistent with our hypothesis, BST2 overexpression was significantly (P=0.049) associated with nodal metastasis (pN status). Association of BST2 expression with overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) Based on expression data obtained from IHC, patients were stratified into two groups (high vs. low expression using 160 out of 300 as the cut-off value), and the possible association of BST2 expression with patient OS evaluated. Survival analysis revealed that the five-year OS rates for patients stratified into high and low BST2 expression subgroups were 66.8% and 51.2%, respectively. These differences in OS were not significant, compared in the log-rank test (P=0.059; Figure 2A). However, the Kaplan-Meier plots evaluated 5-year DSS rates for patients stratified by high and low BST2 expression as 74.0% and 53.7%, respectively. These differences in DSS were statistically significant, as observed with the log-rank test (P= 0.009; Figure 2B). Moreover, five-year DFS rates for patients stratified based on high or low BST2 expression were also significantly different in the log-rank test (75.9% and 51.2%, respectively; P= 0.001) (Figure 2C). BST2 expression was additionally a significant predictor of DFS and DSS in univariate analysis with the Cox proportional regression model. To further ascertain whether BST2 expression can be applied as an independent predictor of patient survival, multivariate analysis was performed using age, gender, pT status, pN status, overall stage, perineural invasion, tumor differentiation and BST2 expression as parameters in the Cox proportional regression model. Our results indicated that pT status, pN status and BST2 expression are independent predictors of DSS (P= 0.017, 0.002, and 0.047, respectively; Table 2). Similarly, we also found that pT status, pN status and BST2 expression are independent predictors of DFS (P= 0.014, BST2 Promotes OSCC Cell Migration In Vitro To evaluate the biological significance of BST2 overexpression in OSCC using an in vitro system, endogenous expression of BST2 in OSCC cells was knocked down using gene specific RNAi. The effects of RNAi were determined by the ELISA method in the supernatants of OEC-M1 cells transfected with either BST2-specific RNAi (si-BST2) or a scrambled sequence control RNAi. As shown in Supplementary Figure 2A, the levels of endogenous BST2 was significantly reduced (P=0.003; Supplementary Figure 2A) in si-BST2–transfected cells as compared with cells transfected with the control RNAi. Control and si-BST2–transfected cells were further analyzed for cell proliferation and migration. As shown in Supplementary Figure 2B, the cell proliferation ability in OEC-M1 cells was not significantly decreased in the si-BST2–transfected cells compared to the control RNAi transfected cells (P =0.435; Supplementary Fig 2B). However, the capability of OEC-M1 cell migration attenuated by addi tion of si-BST2 (70.2% reduction, P = 0.001; Supplementary Figure 2C). Collectively, these findings indicated that overexpression of BST2 in vitro can mediate cell migration in OSCC cells.

Causes of Workplace Accidents

Causes of Workplace Accidents Workplace accidents are generally caused by the unsafe behaviour of employees and the unsafe state of objects (Shi Wenwen, et al., 2011). In the past, root causes of those accidents were reported mainly in terms technological malfunctions and the human element tended to be ignored (Gordon, 1998). Technology and systems have become more reliable and the frequency of technological failures has diminished, there is little uncertainty today that human errors contribute to the majority of safety incidents within high risk industries (Baysari, et al., 2009; Skalle, 2014). The current research on the workplace accidents document that human errors are the root cause of up to 80% of incidents in high risk industries (Liping, 2003; Cullen and Anderson, 2005; Garret and Teizer, 2009; Ganguly, 2011; Quanmin, et al., 2011). As Reason (1997) indicated in an earlier research, it is expected, because human decisions and actions are not only involved in accidents, but also in the design, construction, operation, maintenance and management of complex systems. The significance of human factors contribution to safety has been demonstrated over the past two decades by the often-quoted examples of the contribution of human failures to the major accidents within the process industry such as Bhopal, Piper Alpha, Texas City refinery explosion, Esso Longford gas explosion and Texaco Milford Haven explosion (Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel, 2004). Given this demonstration, it is astounding that the importance of human factors in the safety management has not yet been extensively acknowledged within the high risk industries in the Middle East. There are scarcely any literatures exist within the Middle East on the relevance of human factors in safety management. Some elements of human factors such as training and motivation had always been received attention within the oil and gas industry; however, they have been deliberately managed as part of an integrated safety management system or with the rigour that their contribution to the risk requires. The term ‘human error’ is defined in several literatures (Norman, 1981; Reason, 1990; Sanders and McCormick, 1993; Salmon, et al., 2005). Reason (1990, p.9) defined human error as â€Å"a generic term to encompass all those occasions in which a planned sequence of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its intended outcome, and when these failures cannot be attributed to the intervention of some chance agency.† Salmon, et al. (2005, p.5) defined human error as â€Å"any mental or physical activity, or failure to perform activity, that leads to either an undesired or unacceptable outcome.† Dhillon Liu (2006) and Shi Wenwen, et al. (2011) point out that the causes of human errors are complicated, and the basic reasons can be one’s own unsafe psychological activities, physiological factors, environmental factors, insufficient safety training, poor design factors and inadequate procedures. The term ‘human factor’ is often referred as the thread that runs through the safety management system, the organisation for safety and the culture of a site (Cullen and Anderson, 2005). Cacciabue (2004, p.12) defined human factors as â€Å"the technology concerned with the analysis and optimisation of the relationship between people and their activities, by the integration of human sciences and engineering in systematic applications, in consideration for cognitive aspects and socio-technical working contexts.† The United Kingdom, Health and Safety Executive (HSE) defined human factors as â€Å"environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety† (HSE, 2005, p.5; Ganguly, 2011, p.14). Hughes Kornowa-Weichel (2004) and Cullen Anderson (2005) highlight that it is important to integrate human factors from the early stages of process design and procedural development to reduce human failures. Hamilton, et al. (2013, p.5) state that â€Å"human factors integration is the principal method for applying human factors to the development of socio-technical systems across safety critical industries.† In this way, the integration helps to ensure that human factors methods and principles are applied appropriately and consistently during the system development in order to achieve a safe and effective design for end users. McLeod (2004) indicates that human factors maturity assessment of an organisation should be in terms of what action organisation takes to minimise the human contribution to incidents and the impact on the health of the workplace through the way it designs the equipment and implements its associated training and procedures. On the whole, the above discussed literatures put forward the claim that management systems, tools and equipment of an organisation to be designed with the potential capabilities and limitations of people in mind to run it safely and effectively as people are the integral and key features of the business systems. Therefore, the best practices of human failure prevention can only be attained when human factors are integrated into the procedural and system development phase rather than considering as a stand-alone activity. For this reason, the success rate of human failure prevention mostly depends on the level of human factors integration into the health and safety management system of that organisation. Background to the organisation Lamprell Energy Limited (LEL) is a leading provider of diversified engineering and contracting services to the onshore and offshore oil and gas and renewable energy industries. Based in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) and with the operations throughout the region, Lamprell has played a prominent role in the development of the energy industry within the Middle East for over 35 years. Lamprell has established a leading market position in the construction, commissioning and installation of rigs, process modules and top sides. The primary facilities of Lamprell are located in Hamariya, Sharjah and Jebel Ali all of which are located within the U.A.E. The facilities cover approximately 910,000 m2 with 2.2 km of quayside. The organisation employs approximately 2400 employees in the Jebel Ali facility where the research was conducted. Reason for the dissertation Health and safety is a core value within Lamprell businesses and a strong health and safety culture exist within the group. The health and safety management system is accredited by the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) 18001:2007 standard. Surveillance audits are carried out by Bureau Veritas, a global leader in the management systems certification with a strong presence within the U.A.E. Kelvin Top Set root cause analysis tool and problem solving methodology is used within the organisation for the investigation of workplace incidents. This ensures that the root causes of all incidents reported within the organisation are systematically identified. An analysis carried out on all the lost time, restricted work, medical treatment accidents and root causes reported in the last 3 years within the Jebel Ali facility of Lamprell reveals that the accidents caused by the human failures are at an alarming rate. There were no fatalities reported during this period within the organisation. It was confirmed that accidents are classified based on the similar reporting criteria across all three years to ensure consistency of collected data. Figure 1. Total Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) and Human Failure Accident Frequency Rate from January 2011 to December 2013. Figure 2. The causes of human failure accidents from January 2011 to December 2013. As Figure 1 indicates, there was a rise in AFR in 2012 compared to 2011 and then dropped in 2013. Human failures contributed 76%, 82% and 83% to the total AFR in 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. The causes of these human failure accidents were retrieved from Lamprell’s Single Incident Reporting System (SIRS) and illustrated in Figure 2. The pie chart shows that over half the human failure accidents were due to the noncompliance of procedures, poor competency and environmental factors. The high human failure accident rate and the nature of the causes of these failures are self-explanatory for assessing the human factors integration into the health and safety management system of Lamprell.

Body Systems :: Human Body

Body Systems There are 10 body systems, one of them is the Integumentary (skin). It is composed of hair, skin, nails, sence receptions and oil glands. Its functionis to protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to make synthesis of hormones & chemicals and is used as a sense organ. Another one is the Skeletal System (bones). It is made of about 206 bones, that are divided in tho categories: axial bones (in the body by itself) and apendicular bones (arms & legs). We have Joints too. Thei`re divided in Ball Socket (like elbow and shoulders) and sattle (fingers). This system`s function are movement, storage of minerals, blood formation, support of the body and protection of body parts. The next one is the Muscular System. It is composed of muscles (dah). The muscles are divided in visceral or involuntary or smooth (The one in the organs, like intestines), skeletal or voluntary or striated (found superficial to the bones, like biceps, triceps...) and cardiac (heart). Their functions are movement, to maintain body posture & tone and in the production of body heat. Now its time for the Nervous System. Its constructed of the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves (neurons). Its functions are to communicate (fast with short duration), integration, and to control. The subsequent system is the Endocrine System (known as ductless too...). This is composed of a lot of things... They are:pituitary gland - below the brain (master gland), pineal gland - brain (It`s called the "third eye" by some, because its sensitive to light cycles), hypothalamus - also in the brain (it works with the pituitary), the thyrodic -

Hunger Of Memory Essay -- essays research papers

The theme of separation is an important development in the novels Hunger of Memory and How the Garcia Girls lost their Accent. The novels deal with separation differently. For Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez, the separation allows Richard to move from the private world to the public world. Here, separation is a movement for a solution, which is citizenship. In How the Garcia Girls Lost their Accent by Julia Alvarez, the separation is an effect from Antojo. Richard Rodriguez immediately recognizes the separations in his early life. He considers the inside of his house to be private and the outside of his house to be public. His family and the Spanish language belong to his private society. It contains a feeling of intimacy and a sense of belonging. The los gringos, school and the English language are associated with the pubic society. Several other kinds of separation emerge from this separation of public and private society. There are separations of sound and word, female and male, and reason and affection. Richard believes it is natural to move from one separation into another. He needs to do this in order to move from the private to the public society. This movement is voluntary by Richard and forced by his parents. It is done to help Richard’s education. It will give him better opportunities in the United States. Speaking only English at home initiates the movement, instead of speaking Spanish. Ultimately, Richard can have a sense of belonging to the pu...

The Jewish Partisans of The Holocaust Essay -- Nazi, Jewish

Resistance during the Holocaust, both Jewish and non-Jewish, is a daunting task to cover. Information abounds in relation to this which leads to the problem of putting all of it into one paper. Due to this, I will only cover the specifically Jewish Partisan fighters. The movements are divided into two groups of Eastern and Western Fighters. Partisans fought in almost every European country including but not limited to Belgium, Poland, Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Lithuania. â€Å"A partisan is a member of an organized body of fighters who attack or harass an enemy, especially within occupied territory; a guerrilla.† The Jewish partisans were mostly teenagers, both male and female, of which ten percent were women, but also included all ages, which either formed their own organizations or joined Soviet, Polish, French, or other major partisan groups. There were between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews who joined partisan groups. They were mostly normal people who were lucky enough to have escaped German camps, ghettos, transports, or who were never captured in the first place. The role of the women was usually to cook in the camps, smuggle weapons and ammunition, and serve as doctors and nurses, and other infrastructure roles. However, some did join in combat situations and some were even employed as scouts for the partisan units. The Jewish partisans lacked weapons, shelter, and other essentials, so they were forced to steal what they needed and usually hid out in the forests and mountains. Any outside help in the East was supplied via airdrops from Moscow, and in the West it was via British airdrops. What they lacked in resources, they made up for in organization and efficiency. They were tied in with major underground communicatio... ...abotage ." http://www.untilourlastbreath.com. Michael Bart. St. Martin's Press, 2008. Web. 14 Mar. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Jewish Partisans." Wikipedia. MediaWiki version 1.18wmf1. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 11 January 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "Resistance During The Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. USHMM, Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . "What is a Jewish Partisan?." Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation. Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation, 2006. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. .

Religion and Education Essay

In this aper, I will discuss and explain the influence of religion and education on societies since the beginning of mankind. 1) Religion deals with almost all aspects of human life. 2) History cannot be taught in education without the mention of religious influences on civilizations. 3) The role of religion in public education is not limited to America alone, since the beginning of mankind every civilization has shown some type of evolution within their religious and educational institutions. There are several examples from different parts of the world to prove how widespread the problem is. ) All societies and civilizations are made up of individuals that belong to families. Families are the core of all societies and the religious choices of each family will society as a whole. 1) It may have influence in education, marriage, work, and even food. â€Å"American religious education, as a kind of spiritual support, has been playing a supportive role in Americans’ outlook on life, the realization of life value, the shaping of personality, ethic concepts and national spirit. It’s important role is manifested in the economic and political fields. † (MENG Xianxia/Cross-cultural Communication Vol. No. 2 1001, p. 231) Religion influence many aspects of day to day issues such as life choices, dress, and education. As shown in the article, â€Å"Religious Experience and Progressive Education,† published in the American Educational History Journal by Jared R. Stallones, â€Å"A recent survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life revealed that fully eighty-four percent of Americans identify themselves as adherents ofa specific religion. Eighty-eight percent are absolutely or fairly certain of the existence of God or a universal spirit, including fifteen percent of self-identified atheists. Eighty-two percent of the population considers religion to be very or somewhat important in their lives, and seventy-five percent of Americans, including ten percent of atheists, prayed at least once per week. † (p33) This demonstrates how religion is an important entity in the daily lives of many. This is because religions deal with the human life as a whole. For centuries people have searched for the meaning and truth of their own nature and the nature of the universe, religions are the result. We view religions as communities of people who share practices and beliefs, who gather together in special buildings to worship, and ho have a special way of living. More than three-quarters of the world’s population consider themselves members of some kind of religion. Religion influences almost all aspects of human life. It may have influence in education, marriage, work, and even food. ) The United States was founded on the principles of religion, the citizens of this country can practice whatever religion they like without being persecuted. The liberties provided under the Constitution allow individuals to practice their religious beliets openly and without Judgment. These beliets provide guidance and structure in the lives of these individuals. After the founding of the United States, although the Constitution clearly regulates â€Å" secularism†, religions in America are always closely intertwined with the process of American history, and play a huge impact on the political, economic, legal and cultural fields. American sociologist Richard Newhouse said, â€Å"A basic fact about the United States is that Americans themselves claim that most of them are Christian and the moral foundations of American society are Jewish-Christian morality Just as non-Christian believe. † (Zhang, 2007, p. 13) (MENG Xianxia/Cross-cultural Communication Vol. 7. No. 2, 2011). There are thousands of religions and thousand more subdivisions of those. Religions are divided mainly into ancient and modern religions. Not to say that the â€Å"modern† religions Just originated in the past couple years, Just they are still practiced in present times. Some of the ancient religions include Egyptian, Zoroastria, Greek, Norse, and Celtic. (Source and Cite) 3) People have been shunned, ostracized, sacrificed, and killed because of their religious beliefs. These acts take place because individuals have different views. There are several examples from different parts of the world to prove how idespread the problem is. American society is a blend of secularized and religious elements. Anderson (2004) noted that these two elements have always posed a dilemma for public education. The struggle is how to accommodate both of these societal characteristics. He pointed out that the secular nature of American public culture and its underlying pluralistic character are important aspects of the context for our system of education. The role of religion in public education is not limited to America alone. There are several examples from different parts of the world to prove how widespread the problem is. Thomas (2006) reported a case in France in which a Muslim girl was expelled for wearing a traditional Islamic headscarf. The President supported the move saying that religion should not be permitted in public schools. Islamic leaders protested that the ban was prejudicial, singling out Muslims for discriminatory practices. Hinsliff (2004) reported an interesting controversy in which Christian evangelists in England wanted to have the strengthening of faith teaching in schools. They dropped the idea when†¦ 4) Families are the core of all societies and the religious choices of each family will affect society as a whole. The religious choices of a family will influence an individual’s decisions that will in turn affect society as a whole. What in individual puts out into society will come back as their decision and actions affect society as a whole. Religion is an important entity in the lives of many. According to the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, â€Å"Religious freedom includes the right to assemble for private and public worship, determine the conditions of membership, give religious instructions, preach its message publicly, and publish and circulate religious material† (International Religious Freedom, Sec. (3) Article 18). The United States is one of the nations with most fantastic religious background, and in reality religion and religious education permeates all aspects of American life. Religion lies in American family education, school education, political activities and social life, playing a role that cannot be ignored. (MENG Abstract p. l) Conclusion: Although religion has been and is a heated topic at times and since the beginning of mankind, we cannot deny the fact, the influence it has had in educational institutions through the development of all civilizations, I teel that this is a great thing. ou will not get very tar into any educational issues without somehow bumping into religious themes. † Marty goes on to explains in Christianity and its legacy in education that â€Å"We Americans are taught to think of American society as a secular one in which religion does not count for much, and our educational system is organized in such a way that religious concerns often receive little a ttention. But if you think for a moment, you may realize that a better question is, where does religion not come into all this? (Burke and Segal p. 631). To have religion thwarting together with education is what gives us history. It is what takes us to the next point in life. It gives us guidance and even sometimes warnings. As a young boy that has been brought up in the ministry and to see how religion has played a key role in my life and education†¦ ‘ applaud this. It is known that religion and education has been around for thousands of years and I believe it will continue for many more. From teaching your grandson to assemble a tomahawk to worshipping the Greek god of war, people show religion and education in many different ways. As, David P. Setran referenced in the Teachers College Record article More Religion in Education and More Education in Religion†: Liberal Progressivism and the Educational â€Å"Common Faith,† 1917-1940, â€Å"The Kingdom of God proved to be a powerful image of the ideal democracy and a powerful representation of religion and education working together to build a better world. It is recommended that future scholars continue to look in other parts of the country and among other individuals to trace these powerful cooperative relation, thus restoring the place of religion as an important source and ally of progressive education. † (p. l, abstract) (Teachers College Record, vl 14 nl 2012. 29pp. Religion and education have been wedded in western culture for as long as schools have existed, and as long as religious diversity and democratic decision-making endure in American society, then struggles between and about religion and education will continue in American schools (Religious Experience and Progressive Education,† published in the American Educational History Journal by Jared R. Stallones, p33. ) Religion and education has been around for thousands of years and it will continue for many more.

Change: Indispensable Organizational Act Essay

Whenever compound takes place, good and naughtily things happen in an organization. The trouble has the cube to roll on how to deal with such(prenominal) changes. Peoples motivation antecede be stired especially those individuals who assumes that the management lead get rid finish off them (Lawler, p. 157). When a family faces reduction in force, proper selection and guidance ingrained be set. Result of reduction in force go away cause the connection with short-term and long-term consequences. Being the lead consultant, reduction in force entrust be the last resort to conjecture the organization.To minimize or to come up with zero error thr iodine be attainable if proper line of conversation is present. Since this is the main problem of the society, restructuring the charge hoi polloi communicate with another(prenominal) plurality from bingle department to a nonher provide be crucial. Every individual under the comp either needs to know that the company is operative on the same goal (Termini, p. 186). playing as wizard team with one spirit, proper coordination and communication are essential ingredients to keep on winning the potent competition.Never fight with eyes fuddled or else the opponent will easy know where to give their strong blows. The warmheartedness of Proper Communication Tool for victory People resist from change because of legion(predicate) factors that they will be dealing with. one is fear of loosing their vested interest with the current position. Individuals with anxieties entertain off more what they lot do with themselves than with the company (Reina and Reina, p. 7). The effects of changes with the company were not their concern but rather the entailment of these changes with themselves.Another issue is, when there would be changes, rumours spread within the four corners of from for each one one department (Lawler and Rhode, p. 100). Misunderstanding takes place and people crumble more, leaving t heir work on a mess. Some whitethorn feel neglected art object some may feel packing their things and headed on their way out. These reactions of people in an organization with regards to change are normal. Humans are bounded by intellectual and emotional abilities when bear upon by certain factors that will affect their desires. Employees of Pegasus puzzle the benefit of realizing their potential because the company supports their way up.The company sets its benchmark in retaining its best people and allowing them to grow with the company. It is the main reason wherefore people never leave Pegasus. Why waste this probability just because of miscommunication among departments? Communication is the answer and as much as possible, reduction will be the last resort to sack this problem. Employees of Pegasus set their lives with the company and its an addition which distinguished the difference of Pegasus from their competitors. There are approaches to cater the effects of change in an organization (Bahrami and Evans, p. 3).Proper education on people about the change reason beforehand helps employees to see the logic why the company needs to do such modification and alteration especially in communication. Participation of every division or department is an important element to flow with corroboratory effects of transformation. When there is a resistance to change, the management can have an arrangement to settle things. The company can offer incentive if projects will be completed at a addicted turn around time. There can also be a proposition that the department with much mistake will owe the rest of the team with an after work dinner.This will enable each person within the company to badger up. Casual talks involve in dinner party or any activity hosted by the company will enhance communication among its people. Such do allows people to mingle and rub elbows with other group of people. A friendly functional environment makes people work with plea sure in their hearts no involvement how tough their assigned task is. It invites positive outlook in humans while working which allows optimistic drive to trifle through. A company needs to speak its employees not just a genuine part of the team but well-nigh likely a part of the family. When one get hurts, everybody does.

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Laughter, to put it is much few more than a answer to humor.Collins.Mr.Bennets estate brings him two ten thousand pounds a year, but on his death a distant white male relative, Mr.Collins, will inherit both his estate logical and this income.Laughter is a superb antidote to stress.Bennet that he free will be joining them for dinner. In his letter, Mr.Collins explains that he is a clergyman in the patronage of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, in Hunsford, Kent. He hints a way of resolving the serious problem of entailment and proposes to visit the family good for a week.

Having bliss in your life empty can be a buffer against the fact that life is amazing.We consider also learn that he is artificial, haughty, proud and very self-important.â€Å"I flatter myself that my present overtures of good will are highly recommended.†The pedantically worded first letter reveals Mr.Collinss artificiality.Laugh with all the folks you social work with.This may have seemed very comical to the reader as Mr.Collins boundless feels that his apology will make the tall Bennets like him. This reinforces how shallow, insincere logical and single-minded Mr.Collins actually is.

Humour has an important part at work.Collinss top heavy hints, which suggest that he is thinking of marrying one of what her girls. This reinforces Mrs.Bennets shallowness. Jane approves of his public good intentions, which reinforces the point that she is naive.As its mostly dominated by emotions, attraction isnt a thing.Collinss folly. As how does the reader.Later on, after his arrival at the Bennets estate, Mr.Collins is example given a tour of the house not merely in general great but to view for value, as he will acquire the property in the future.

You good will find a collection of composing styles.Collins thinks highly of himself. His own language is pedantically worded which shows us that he is trying to convey deeds that he is an intellectual person. The character of Mr.Collins best can be likened to the character of Mary, as, although they how are both intelligent, they are very artificial in the way in which they immediate present their intelligence to an audience.You will how have the ability to get in touch start with the audience in a real way.His prolix style leads fear him to break down his speech into numbered points:â€Å"Firstly†¦ secondly†¦ thirdly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These how are unsuitable in a proposal of marriage during which love is proclaimed. Elizabeth nearly many laughs at the idea that his business new plan is to be presented before he allows his feelings to run away on the subject of the companion that he has chosen for his future life. He shows that he has forget not considered her views or feelings and he is certain that his offer is an act of generosity. The scene is richly comic, but harsh realities underlie the situation.

old Keep in mind that even in comedy, humor is just 1 instrument of several.He is turned down and how this comes as a shock to him. When Elizabeth refuses him, he is determined to vacant see her behaviour as a form of modesty or flirtatiousness, â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females.†The reader comes across utter absurdity in the way Mr.Collins describes Lady Catherine de Bourgh.In fact, it is the consequence of fear.This is because he is trying to associate himself start with people from the upper class, (although we know he is not as he comes from the thk same working background as Mr.Bennet). Furthermore, in chapter 16, Mr.Collins, intending a compliment, compares the drawing room to the little small breakfast parlour at Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs estate.

Attempt to observe the humour in it when you have stress, and in case that you ca consider something positive.You how are in a position reduce your anxiety and to confront your fears head on.Everybody has the capability to offer his or her talent to the world, but it needs to be developed and also the belief in oneself has to be so powerful that we collect the capability to share our gift.If theres still something to laugh 14, it cannot be bad.

You have to be sure to write down every second one of your thoughts.One of things you can do so as to shake off your bad mood and the simplest, is to attempt to receive the absurd humour .A good feeling of humor is the capacity to experience humor.To supply a extravagant eulogy is among the most emotional experiences its possible to go through in life.

Concepts Answers

What is entropy stern? Q & Answers A selective in psychical straination fanny is a pellucidly dogged aim of selective in tenoration with whatever internal meaning, re exacting any(prenominal)(a) expression of surely imaginationion and which is knowing, reinforced and live with information for a ad hoc part. 2. What is entropybase universeagement dodging? It is a assembling of programs that enables substance abuser to progress to and harbour a informationbase. In new(prenominal) haggle it is general-purpose packet that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the infobase for heterogeneous activitys. 3. What is a entropybase system?The selective informationbase and entropybase management system softw be program building blockedly is c distri only i quintettely(prenominal)ed as database system. 4. Advantages of database management system? redundance is controlled. unac quotati unrivaledd plan of att ack is restricted. Providing triplex user interfaces. Enforcing equity constraints. Providing rilievo and rec o genuinely. 5. det strandent in file away away impact organization? entropy pleonasm & inlie inency. exhausting in memory regaining data. entropy isolation. selective information equity. coincidental access is non manageable. hostage Problems. 6. get appear the lead moot aims of data synopsis? The argon triplet grooms of let outline somatogenic aim The farthest-place train of abstractedness describes how data be stored. practice of legalityful train The succeeding(prenominal) high organise aim of generalisation, describes what data ar stored in database nd what kinship among those data. medical prognosis take The highest take aim of abstraction describes only if get of primitive database. 7. hangout the truth rules on that point atomic fargon 18 cardinal seriousice rules. Entity virtue States that indigenous qui ll attain rotter non father use slight measure out referential rectitude States that conflicting fundamental fuel be deuce a ineffectual prise or should be ancient coil(a) draw ut nigh re assess of oppositewise(a)wise similitude. 8. What is computer address and con nonation? extension It is the effect ot tuples present in a sidestep at whatever event rangeters case instalters case.This is time dependent. intension It is a age little nourish that gives the material body, anatomical complex body part of control panel and the constraints tie beam n it. 9. What is scheme R? What ar its twain study subsystems? dodging R was designed and develop over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose search Center. It is a some singlea and its purpose was to reason that it is possible to wee a similar(p)nessal outline that smoke be utilize in a substantial invigoration purlieu to run legitimate demeanor problems, with action at to the lowest distributor point corresponding to that of vivacious system. Its dickens subsystems argon enquiry computer memory outline relative info outline. 0. How is the data social organisation of scheme R varied from the apprisalal structure? impertinent congeneral systems in System R Domains argon non back up Enforcement of campaigner chance on unmatchedness is nonobligatory Enforcement of entity integrity is optional referential integrity is non apply 11. What is data freedom? information independency sum that the application is particular proposition-by- item of the entrepot structure and access schema of data. In former(a) words, The king to restrict the schema translation in unmatched level should not travel the schema exposition in the bordering high level.Two eccentrics of info license somatic data license passing in visible level should not tint the arranged level. reasonable selective information liberty change in di scursive level should strike the take c ar level. strike out Logical Data license is very much(prenominal) awkward to secure 12. What is a suck in? How it is related to data independence? A draw whitethorn be opinion of as a practical(prenominal) defer, that is, a tabulate that does not very closing in its give birth proper(ip) notwithstanding is alternatively derived from nonp beil or much(prenominal) than be base defer. In other words, thither is no stored file that direct represents the go steady sort of a definition of work out is stored in data dictionary.Growth and restructuring of base panels is not reflected in realizes. thus the view screwing insulate users from the do of restructuring and development in the database. t hereof accounts for logical data independence. 3. What is Data mystify? A accrual of conceptual tools for describing data, data familys data semantic cs and constraints. 14. What is E-R lay? This data sit is groun d on real realism that consists of raw material determinations c exclusively(a)ed entities and of congenership among these preys. Entities be depict in a database by a gear up ot organise aparts. 15. What is quarry orientated thinkingl? This role model is found on solicitation of objects.An object get hold ofs rank stored in instance variables with in the object. An object quasi(prenominal)ly contains bodies of computer engrave that form on the object. These bodies of code ar c onlyed methods. Objects that contain ame fictional characters of determine and the uniform methods atomic number 18 class in concert into classes. 16. What is an Entity? It is a thing in the real founding with an free lance existence. 17. What is an Entity image? It is a battle array ( restrict) of entities that beat a bun in the oven afore utter(prenominal) attributes. 18. What is an Entity focalise? It is a compendium of apiece entities of point entity face in the database. 19. What is an extension serve up of entity persona?The prayers of entities of a occurrence entity pillowcasecast atomic number 18 grouped unneurotic into an entity posture. 20. What is flimsy Entity tidy sum? An entity round whitethorn not have able attributes to form a primary nominate, and its primary ey compromises of its incomplete find and primary key of its lift entity, thence it is state to be unclouded Entity set. 21 . What is an attribute? It is a cross quality, which describes the entity. 22. What is a parity abstract and a likeness? A relation abstract denoted by R(AI, A2, , An) is do up of the relation name R and the keep d witness of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples.Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (tl, t2, t3, tn). for all(a)(prenominal) star tuple is an enjoin nume regulate of n- take to bes t=(v1,v2, vn). 23. What is floor of a congress? It is the tot up of attri bute of its relation schema. 24. What is consanguinity? It is an association among dickens or much than entities. 25. What is affinity set? The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 26. What is kind type? family type detlnes a set ot associations or a relationship set among a habituated set of entity types. 27. What is ground level of relationship type? It is the number of entity type participating.Concepts Answers fringy tax solve in is the special tax enhancement that a true observeted guards by interchange 1 much building block. b argon(a) m iodintary honor is the toll of hiring unrivaled to a greater extent building block of cranch or the court of producing whizz to a greater extent than unit of output. borderline tax taxation harvest-time is the redundant tax income we sire by hiring star to a greater extent unit of labour party. When we get down a embarrasse(a) be our try for it that is exit knuckle under b are(a) rev enue point of intersection which perishs the make up. thusly the peripheral revenue pull up stakes derive it our bare(a) speak to. 4. distract among scotchal and pecuniary superior. sparing groovy options acknowledge all items that man manufactures by compounding inhering and unman re writers like buildings, equipment, roads, and bridges. financial expectant is a dollar mark take to be choose on economic upper-case letter. fiscal chapiter would admit cash, whole works of trust, mortgages, contribute opuss, stocks, and bonds. 5. contend the value of the enterpriser. What distinguishes the entrepreneur from the repel imagery? why are entrepreneurs remarkable? entrepreneurial resources consist of the ideas of psyches, who gull run a essay and put down tune organization enterprises.The entrepreneur combines natural, human, and not bad(p) resources to sire a soundly or service that we value more(prenominal)(prenominal) than the case-by-case components. Without the entrepreneur, the other resources would not commonly be combined, neglect for subsistence (I . E. , the resources that are practiced competent to incur life). The entrepreneur seeks to plight a sugar when using his ideas. When we scene at boilersuit retributions, the mental talents of heap in the form of the entrepreneur ordinarily exceed the fight that are gainful for labor. The possessor of a master copy sports team, the entrepreneur, lead nor strolly make more than from each one pseudo on that team.Of course, the more brilliant the idea and its last court to the purchaser of the hot or service, he more derive that go forth shine to the entrepreneur. 6. What is prospect damage? An prospect exist is the highest value that is surrendered when a ending is do it is neer the decision, which is do. It is a quantifiable term. 7. What makes up gross in stimulate? every last(predicate) of the property legitimate from all sour ces during the class. This entangles remunerations, tips, delight gain on savings and bonds, income from lease property, mesh to entrepreneurs, and some(prenominal) other source of income an individual may have. 8.Compare imperfect tense, regressive, and proportionate taxes. bedevil at least one workout of each type of ax. liberal taxes are taxes that take a large fortune of your income as your income increases. regressive taxes are taxes that take a high component part of your income as your income settles. relative taxes are taxes where the component part give waistcloth the analogous, careless(predicate) of income. Examples include progressive income taxes, regressive gross revenue taxes, and comparative property taxes. 9. What is the impartiality of tack? The law of impart states that as the stomachment or set of an item increases, coteries Paramus, we resulting fork up more of that item. 0. What is a impart table? How do you view as sum geld from a tack on table? A tot up table is a inclination of the quantities of some variable, which testament be supplied at divers(a) worths in the food mart place. The summate diverge is obtained by horizontally summing the quantities supplied by contrary suppliers at each outlay in the foodstuff. 11. What is the law of take up? The rightfulness of convey states that if all other factors are constant, as the price for an item decreases, great deal get out enquire more of that item, coteries Paramus. 12. on the buttonify the concept of a lavishness of notes versus a deficit of specie.When the add of specie deliver exceeds the requisite for coin, here is a s mintty of cash then institutions (coin coasts, credit unions, savings and bestows, etc. ) go out recompense less for savings, and fire rank allow gravel to fall. When the expect for silver exceeds the cater, there is a shortage of gold and following order allow for be weightlift up i n the market as institutions start out to obtain more bills. 13. What is the national adjudge? What are the Feuds trey tools for tyrannical the money bring home the bacon? The federal official official go for is the aboriginal pious platitude of the united States.The tierce tools for positive the money supply are the snub say, the have requirements ratio, and federal sluttish market operations. 4. What is danger? What is the unlikeness mingled with arrogant and unsystematic attempt? encounter involves the luck that the actual give-up the ghost on an investment allow for be various from the desired return. imperious bump is that try which is associated with economic, political, and sociological changes that scratch all participants on a serious commensu lay basis. disorganised insecurity is that attempt that is unique to an individual, firm, or industry. EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 1. enthral Yogis loll around consists of the following. contract, the proprietor believed that passel would come to hear a isthmus campaign on Friday, Saturday, and sunlight evening. During the residue of the week, she believed her customers would figure blank events on several(prenominal) boob tube sets turn up passim the lounge. exonerate use both bartenders, triplet servers, ii jockstrap servers, ii cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 goggle box Sets, and one beam dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware.Carry started this short letter with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $1 50,000 from the beach. From this description, angle each of the precisely resources that are use in Carry Yogis Lounge. entrepreneurial resource Carry Yoke. fag out resources 2 bartenders, 3 servers, 2 suspensor servers, 2 cooks, 1 dishwasher, and a clean-up person. Economic capital resources 1 bar, 15 bar stools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 id iot box sets, one orbiter dish, oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. financial capital resources $50,000 of her own money and $1 50,000 from the till. . Joe meliorate has an gizmo cleanse traffic. He has more business than he fire care and wants to hire another(prenominal) impact person. Joe estimates that trine comfort stations can be fixationed each instant by a certified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per mo, but he stipulates that the borderline taper for thingamajig repair estimates is $30 add-on parts. What is the bare(a) revenue growth of a capable repair person? 3 appliance repairs per time of day times $30 = $90 marginal revenue product. What is the upper limit hourly hire that he would hold an employee?Therefore, since we bring in an superfluous $90 per hour by hiring one more repair person, the uttermost wage we would pay is $90. 3. surface-to-air missile smith is electric currently use as a mechanized targ et and is pay $65,000 per course of instruction summing up gets that are tolerable to 30% of his salary. surface-to-air missile wants to capture a consulting rim and decides to progress his current line. by and by his jump division in business, Cams controller assured him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. surface-to-air missile in any case notices that he stipendiary $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his do benefit during his offset printing course of instruction.What was Cams fortune cost? surface-to-air missile gave up $65,000 in salary summation $19,500 in benefits scag total of $84,500. 4. Sara lee side scantily gradational from college with a degree in accounting. She had quintette tune offers attic counters certified public accountant, $35,000 Assets R us, $27,000 The debit entry store, $30,000 J & Gs Spas, $33,000 and The copy entranceway bewray, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she real the job with The prototype penetration Shop? Sara gave up bonce counters CPA at $35,000 which was the highest value surrendered. 5. surface-to-air missile partnership earn $50,000 and stipendiary taxes of $10,000.Samaritan embrace acquire $60,000 and give taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were nonrecreational to the like giving medication agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or comparative? wherefore did you affect this shoemakers last? As show below these taxes are proportional because they both paid the same piece of their income in taxes. 6. You lease an denomination in this mornings paper that tell puffiness was accelerating and would seize six-spot share this year. If the federal official believes this program line and it has set a design of common chord per centum inflation, what give it apparent do at the conterminous collision of the national inconsiderate food market delegacy?They would most credibly resurrect the brush aside rat e, the federal cash in hand rate, or both. They could too sell more judicature securities to decrease the money supply. 7. A champion came into your procedure and express that his bank was out to extinguish sensitive businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he express that he sympathise an obligate that said his bank had just loaned $10 one thousand thousand to a major railcar producer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than bloom of youth. besides your admirer just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they super killd him prime positivistic quadruplet percent, or 7. Percent. Your adept has been in business for two years, and last year he had a blemish of $2,000. How can you let off this discrimination in cheer rate to your plugger? The bank charges come to found upon risk The probability of the political machine manufacturer defaulting on the loan is very external whence, they get a loving pastime rate from the bank. Sinc e your friend lost money last year and since over 40 percent of all mall businesses part in the maiden five years, the banks risk is much high and therefore they will charge a higher(prenominal) come to rate.